Underground Data Centers New Trends: Predictions for 2010 Political/Technology

Sunday, January 3, 2010

Predictions for 2010 Political/Technology

Four Political/Technology Predictions for 2010
Steve Rosenbaum
Founder and CEO, Magnify.net

As we enter 2010, the impact that government is going to have on technology starts to come into focus. Two unlikely allies are driving one of the most significant changes in the way the public engages in public policy: Barack Obama and Michael Bloomberg.

Prediction #1: The Obama administration's Year Two initiatives will increasingly focus on digital technology and broadband.

Obama, as the first president of either party to have a computer on his desk in the Oval Office, has been driving hard to put government data in the public sphere. The first Federal CTO, Aneesh Chopra, has been pushing government agencies to open their data streams to developers and the general public.

The impact of shifting from paper to bits is likely to expose some uncomfortable truth's about the effectiveness of government, and the way that Federal dollars are allocated. Already an eighteen million dollar effort to share the positive impact of the government recovery efforts, Recovery.org, was shown to be full of errors and false data as the public got to take a peek at how government sausages are made. But it doesn't appear that early missteps have discouraged the data transparency efforts.

Prediction #2: Government Data Transparency will open new private/public sector opportunities in New York in 2010.

Meanwhile, on the heals of the success of New York's 311, Mayor Michael Bloomberg is zooming ahead to put city data in the hands of developers. The Mayor launched the NYC BigApps Competition, a contest for software developers and members of the public to create web or mobile applications using city data. The city opened 170 data sets to allow developers to build applications that will serve residents, visitors, businesses, and the public sector.

Already NYC Big Apps is turning up new ways to parse and present NYC data:

Apps like Make My Day expose NYC Free events.
Finding a school in New York is now easier with city school data presented like this.
And dog owners have access to city dog data (yes, there is dog data!) with the Big App nominee known as Hey Walkies.

Now, not all of the apps may be what the Mayor initially anticipated. For example, NYC Broken Meters helps drivers beat the city's revenue-generating parking meters by giving drivers GPS coordinates on a Google Map of all broken meters. Sweet. The folks at Gothamist crowed: "Of all the NYC Big Apps contenders, we think the NYC Broken Meters will be the most used and abused. The app uses the city's own data to locate broken meters, allowing users to score free parking!"

You can see all the applications, and vote for your favorite here.

Predication #3 Net neutrality will move to center stage

While government transparency is a good thing, and a game changer, that's not the only 2010 shift that's likely to impact the year ahead. Julius Genachowski is the newly confirmed FCC chairmen. And Genachowski is focused on a critical piece of the future of the web: openness.

Through the site Open Internet, Genachowski is looking hard at the Internet as a critical piece of both communications policy and democracy. And unlike other FCC chairs, Genachowski arrives in the gig as a carefully considered choice of a President who is an advocate of key elements of the web economy. So rather than protect fiefdoms, it's likely the FCC will lean hard toward open access -- and keep a close eye on any pricing schemes that choke bandwidth.

Prediction #4: FTC and FCC will let Comcast/NBC deal breeze through review process, M&A to pick up in 2010.

The corollary to this is that I'd put money down that the NBC/Comcast deal with sail through approvals at both the FTC and FCC. Why? Because it's hard to imagine who would oppose it, after all the other competitors are all looking at big deals of their own in the next 12 to 24 months -- so throwing up a roadblock on this deal won't help their cause. And for the FCC, having Comcast on both the pipe and the content side of the world makes it far harder for Comcast to look to restrict access to other content makers to their network.

Government is going digital, and 2010 will be a year where the bandwidth, software, and display technology provide for the first time a widely distributed opportunity to see eGovernement begin to take hold

Open data. Open government. Open Internet. 2010 is going to be a big year.

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Comparison chart: Underground data centers

Five facilities compared

Robert L. Mitchell

Name	InfoBunker, LLC	The Bunker	Montgomery Westland	Cavern Technologies	Iron Mountain The Underground
Location	Des Moines, Iowa*	Dover, UK	Montgomery, Tex.	Lenexa, Kan.	Butler County, Penn.*
In business since	2006	1999	2007	2007	Opened by National Storage in 1954. Acquired by Iron Mountain 1998.
Security /access control	Biometric; keypad; pan, tilt and zoom cameras; door event and camera logging	CCTV, dogs, guards, fence	Gated, with access control card, biometrics and a 24x7 security guard	Security guard, biometric scan, smart card access and motion detection alarms	24-hour armed guards, visitor escorts, magnetometer, x-ray scanner, closed-circuit television, badge access and other physical and electronic measures for securing the mine's perimeter and vaults
Distance underground (feet)	50	100	60	125	220
Ceiling height in data center space (feet)	16	12 to 50	10	16 to 18	15 (10 feet from raised floor to dropped ceiling)
Original use	Military communications bunker	Royal Air Force military bunker	Private bunker designed to survive a nuclear attack. Complex built in 1982 by Louis Kung (Nephew of Madam Chang Kai Shek) as a residence and headquarters for his oil company, including a secret, 40,000 square foot nuclear fallout shelter. The office building uses bulletproof glass on the first floor and reception area and 3-inch concrete walls with fold-down steel gun ports to protect the bunker 60 feet below.	Limestone mine originally developed by an asphalt company that used the materials in road pavement	Limestone mine
Total data center space (square feet)	34,000	50,000	28,000 plus 90,000 of office space in a hardened, above-ground building.	40,000	60,000
Total space in facility	65,000	60,000	28,000	3 million	145 acres developed; 1,000 acres total
Data center clients include	Insurance company, telephone company, teaching hospital, financial services, e-commerce, security monitoring/surveillance, veterinary, county government	Banking, mission critical Web applications, online trading	NASA/T-Systems, Aker Solutions, Continental Airlines, Houston Chronicle, Express Jet	Healthcare, insurance, universities, technology, manufacturing, professional services	Marriott International Inc., Iron Mountain, three U.S. government agencies
Number of hosted primary or backup data centers	2	50+	13	26	5
Services offered	Leased data center space, disaster recovery space, wholesale bandwidth	Fully managed platforms, partly managed platforms, co-location	Disaster recovery/business continuity, co-location and managed services	Data center space leasing, design, construction and management	Data center leasing, design, construction and maintenance services
Distance from nearest large city	Des Moines, about 45 miles*	Canterbury, 10 miles; London, 60 miles	Houston, 40 miles	Kansas City, 15 miles	Pittsburgh, 55 miles
Location of cooling system, includng cooling towers	Underground	Underground	Above and below ground. All cooling towers above ground in secure facility.	Air cooled systems located underground. Cooling towers located outside	Chillers located above ground to take advantage of "free cooling." Pumps located underground.
Location of generators and fuel tanks	Underground	Above ground and below ground	Two below ground, four above ground. All fuel tanks buried topside.	Underground	Underground

*Declined to cite exact location/disatance for security reasons.

Glossary of Data Center Terms

AC - Alternating current

ACAE - Air conditioning airflow efficiency, the amount of heat removed per standard cubic foot of airflow per minute

AHU - Air handling unit

Air Mixing - The unintended mixing of cold and hot air

Airside Economizer - An economizer that directs exterior air into the data center when the air temperature is at or below the cooling set point

Aisle - The open space between rows of racks. Best-practice dictates racks should be arranged with consistent orientation of front and back to create ‘cold'and ‘hot'aisles.

AMS - Asset management system

ASHRAE - American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers is an international technical society organized to advance the arts and sciences of air management.

BACnet - A data communication protocol for building automation and control networks
BAS - Building automation system
Blanking Panel - A device mounted in unused U spaces in a rack that restricts bypass airflow, also called blanking or filler plates
BMS - Building management system, synonymous with BAS, AMS and other computer-based tools used to manage data center assets
BTU - British thermal until, a standard measure of cooling equipment capacity
Bypass Airflow - Conditioned air that does not reach computer equipment, escaping through cable cut-outs, holes under cabinets, misplaced perforated tiles or holes in the computer room perimeter walls.
C - Degrees Celsius

C/H - Cooling/Heating Cabinet - Device for holding IT equipment, also called a rack
CAC - Cold aisle containment system that directs cooled air from air conditioning equipment to the inlet side of racks in a highly efficient manner
CADE - Corporate average data center efficiency
CapEx - Capital expense, the cost of purchasing capital equipment
Carbon Footprint - A measurement of the volume in pounds of Carbon Dioxide generated by business operations. CFD - Computational fluid dynamics, scientific calculations applied to airflow analysis
CFM - Cubic feet per minute, an airflow volume measurement Close-Coupled Cooling - Cooling technology that is installed adjacent to server racks and enclosed to direct airflow directly to the rack without mixing with DC air
Coefficient of Effectiveness (CoE) - Uptime Institute metric based on the Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient Cold Aisle - An aisle where rack fronts face into the aisle. Chilled airflow is directed into this aisle so that it can then enter the fronts of the racks in a highly efficient manner.
Cold Spot - An area where ambient air temperature is below acceptable levels. Typically caused by cooling equipment capacity exceeding heat generation.
CR - Computer room
CRAC - Computer room air conditioner (pronounced crack) that uses a compressor to mechanically cool air
CRAH - Computer room air handler (pronounced craah) that uses chilled water to cool air
Critical Load - Computer equipment load delivered by PDU output
CSI - Cold supply infiltration index, quantifies the amount of hot air mixing with cold inlet air prior to entering the rack. Cutout - An open area in a raised floor that allows airflow or cable feeds
CW - Chilled water
DC - Data center
DCiE - Data center infrastructure efficiency is an efficiency measure that is calculated by dividing the IT equipment power consumption by the power consumption of the entire data center. This measure is the inverse of PUE.
Dead Band - An HVAC energy saving technique whereby sensitivity set points of equipment are set more broadly to improve coordination of the equipment and avoid offsetting behaviors, also dead band control strategy
Delta T - Delta temperature, the spread between the inlet and outlet air temperatures of air conditioning equipment, measured as the maximum achievable difference between inlet (return) and outlet (supply) temperatures. This is not the astronomical
measurement of Terrestrial Dynamical Time minus Universal Time.
Dewpoint - The temperature at which air reaches water vapor saturation, typically used when examining environmental conditions to ensure they support optimum hardware reliability
D/H - Dehumidifying/Humidifying
Dry-Bulb Temperature - The temperature of the air measured using a dry-bulb thermometer, typically taken in conjunction with a wet-bulb reading in order to determine relative humidity
EFC - Equivalent full cabinets, the number of full cabinets that would exist if all the equipment in the data center were concentrated in full cabinets
ESD - Electrostatic discharge, more commonly ‘static discharge'
F - Degrees Fahrenheit Ft2 - Square feet or foot
GPM - Gallons per minute
HAC - Hot aisle containment system that directs heated air from the outlet side of racks to air conditioning equipment return ducts in a highly efficient manner Harmonic Distortion - Multiples of power frequency superimposed on the power waveform that causes excess heating in wiring and fuses Heat Exchanger - A device used to transfer heat energy, typically used for removing heat from a chilled liquid system HDG - Hot dipped galvanized Hot Aisle - An aisle where rack backs face into the aisle. Heated exhaust air from the equipment in the racks enters this aisle and is then directed to the CRAC return vents. HPDC - High-performance data center, a data center with above average kW loading, typically greater than 10kW/rack Hot Spot - An area, typically related to a rack or set of racks, where ambient air temperature is above acceptable levels. Typically caused by heat generation in excess of cooling equipment capacity. Hp - Horsepower
Hr - Hour HVAC - Heating, ventilation and air conditioning system, the set of components used to condition interior air including heating and cooling equipment as well as ducting and related airflow devices
In-Row Cooling - Cooling technology installed between server racks in a row that delivers cooled air to equipment more efficiently Inlet Air - The air entering the referenced equipment. For air conditioning equipment this is the heated air returning to be cooled, also called return air. For racks and servers this is the cooled air entering the equipment. IP - Internet protocol, a communications technology using the internet for communications. IR - Infrared spectrum used by thermal imaging technologies
JVM - Java virtual machine, Java interpreter. Software that converts the Java intermediate language into executable machine language.
kBTU - Kilo British thermal unit, one thousand BTU, a unit of measurement for the cooling capacity of a CRAH kCFM - Kilo-cubic feet per minute, 1000 CFM kV - Kilovolt kW - Kilowatts kWc - Kilowatts of cooling, alternate unit of measurement for the cooling capacity of a CRAH kWh - Kilowatt hours kVA - Kilovolt amperes = voltage x current (amperage) KVM - Keyboard, video, mouse; an interface technology that enables users to access multiple servers remotely from one or more KVM sites. More obscurely, can also mean K Virtual Machine: a version of the Java Virtual Machine for small devices with limited memory.
Latent Cooling Capacity - Cooling capacity related to wet bulb temperature and objects that produce condensation Line Noise - Distortions superimposed on the power waveform that causes electromagnetic interference Liquid Cooling - A general term used to refer to cooling technology that uses a liquid circulation system to evacuate heat as
opposed to a condenser, most commonly used in reference to specific types of in-row or close-coupled cooling technologies Load - The kW consumption of equipment, typically installed in a rack. Also, the heat level a cooling system is required to remove from the data center environment
MAH - Makeup air handler, a larger air handler that conditions 100% outside air. Synonymous with MAU. Make-Up Air - The conditioned air delivered by a MAU or MAH MAU - Makeup air unit, a larger air handler that conditions 100% outside air. Synonymous with MAH. Maximum Temperature Rate of Change - An ASHRAE standard established to ensure stable air temperatures. The standard is 9 degrees F per hour. MERV - Minimum efficiency reporting value , ASHRAE 52.2, for air filtration measured in particulate size.
N+1 - Need plus one, a redundancy concept where capacity is configured to include planned capacity plus one additional device to enable continued operations with the failure of one system in the configuration. This presumes immediate detection and remediation of the failed unit. NEBS - Network equipment-building system design guidelines applied to telecommunications equipment No. - Number Nominal Cooling Capacity - The total cooling capacity of air conditioning equipment, includes both latent and sensible capacities. Due to humidity control in data centers, the latent capacity should be deducted from nominal capacity to determine useful capacity
OpEx - Operating expense, the ongoing expenses related to operating the data center Overcooling - A situation where air is cooled below optimum levels. Typically used in reference to rack inlet temperatures.
PDU - Power distribution unit Pole - A row of power receptacles with power supplied from a PDU Pole Position - A power receptacle on a pole Pressure Differential - The difference in pressure between two locations in the data center used to analyze air flow behaviors
PH - Phase, electrical phase 1-3 Plenum - A receiving chamber for air used to direct air flow PU - Packaged unit, an air handler designed for outdoor use. PUE - Power usage effectiveness, a measure of data center energy efficiency calculated by dividing the total data center energy consumption by the energy consumption of the IT computing equipment. This measure is the inverse of DCiE.
Rack - Device for holding IT equipment, also called a cabinet RAH - Recirculation air handler, a device that circulates air but does not cool the air Raised Floor - Metal flooring on stanchions that creates a plenum for airflow and cabling, synonymous with RMF Recirculation - Chilled airflow returning to cooling units without passing through IT equipment, also referred to as short cycling Return Air - The heated air returning to air conditioning equipment RFI - Radio frequency interference Rh - Relative humidity RMF - Raised metal floor, an alternate term for the more commonly used term ‘raised floor' ROI - Return on investment, a measure of the amount of time required to recover an investment RPM - Revolutions per minute, used to measure fan speeds RPP - Remote power panel RTU - Rooftop unit, an air handler designed for outdoor use mounted on a rooftop. A typical application of a PU.
S+S - System plus system SCFM - Standard cubic feet per minute, the volumetric flow rate of a gas corrected to standardized conditions of temperature, pressure and relative humidity Sensible Cooling Capacity - Cooling capacity related to dry bulb temperature and objects that do not produce condensation Sensitivity - An equipment setting that bounds the set point range and triggers a change in device function when exceeded. Most commonly referring to CRAC/CRAH temperature and humidity set points. Set Point - Typically used in reference to air conditioning equipment thermostat temperature and humidity settings Short Cycling - Chilled airflow returning to cooling units without passing through IT equipment, also referred to as recirculation
STS - Static transfer switch Sub-Floor - The open area underneath a raised computer floor, also called a sub-floor plenum Supply Air - The cooled airflow emitted from air conditioning equipment
TCE - Triton Coefficient of EffectivenessSM, synonymous with UCE Thermistor - A type of resistor with resistance varying according to its temperature
U - Rack mount unit, the standardized height of one unit is 1.75" UCE - Upsite Coefficient of EffectivenessSM, synonymous with TCE UPS - Uninterruptible power supply, device used to supply short-term power to computing equipment for brief outages or until an alternate power source, such as a generator, can begin supplying power.
VFD - Variable frequency drive
W - Watt(s) Waterside Economizer - An economizer that redirects water flow to an external heat exchanger when the exterior ambient air temperature is at or below a temperature required to chill water to a given set point, simultaneously shutting down the mechanical chiller equipment. Wet-Bulb Temperature - The temperature of the air measured using a wet-bulb thermometer, typically taken in conjunction with a dry-bulb reading in order to determine relative humidity Wg - Inches of water column, an approximate unit of measurement for static air pressure Work Cell - The area of a rack and the related area immediately in front of and behind the rack. Standard racks are 2 feet wide and 4 feet deep. Standard aisles are 4 feet wide, so half of that space is workspace for a given rack. This results in a standard work cell of 16 square feet. Actual work cell size varies with data center design. WPSF - Watts per square foot

Underground Data Centers New Trends

Sunday, January 3, 2010

Predictions for 2010 Political/Technology

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Comparison chart: Underground data centers

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List of Underground Data Centers (click on name)

Glossary of Data Center Terms

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